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German to English: Sexual exceptionalism as the culturalisation of gender and sexuality (SAMPLE) General field: Social Sciences Detailed field: Social Science, Sociology, Ethics, etc.
Source text - German Vor 25 Jahren hat Ayşe Çağlar vom ‚Gefängnis‘ oder der ‚Zwangsjacke‘ Kultur gesprochen, als sie die Eindimensionalität der Forschung über Türk_innen in Deutschland kritisierte. Sie machte dabei drei Probleme aus, nämlich, dass eine holistische Vorstellung von ‚Kultur‘ vorherrsche (Çağlar 1990: 95f.) und dass es zu einer Gleichsetzung von Ethnie und Kultur komme (ebd.: 97f.). Eine Kulturalisierung von Migration verhindere darüber hinaus eine Betrachtung der Einwanderung als vielfältiges Phänomen unterschiedlichster Persönlichkeitsentwürfe, synkretistischer sozialer Praktiken und verunmögliche die Wahrnehmung von Interaktionen zwischen Eingewanderten und ‚Einheimischen‘. Seit dem Zuzug geflüchteter Menschen 2015 hat sich dieser Blick eher noch verschärft. Migrant_innen und Geflüchtete werden weiterhin kulturalisiert. Eine neuere Entwicklung des beginnenden 21. Jahrhunderts ist, dass alle muslimischen Migrant_innen ungeachtet unterschiedlicher Herkunftsländer und Islam-Affiliationen ein homogenes Religions- und Regelverständnis nachgesagt wird, das ihre Persönlichkeit und ihr Verhalten präge und an Kind und Kindeskinder weitergegeben werde. Damit wurde so etwas wie ein homo islamicus (Tezcan 2009: 76) konstruiert.
Das hier indizierte antimuslimische Ressentiment wird im Folgenden nicht Islamophobie genannt. Diese Wortwahl verharmlost die Tatbestände und thematisiert lediglich die Ängste – Phobien – der dominanten ‚Kultur‘ und nicht die Opfer des Ressentiments. Ich ziehe vor, den Terminus antimuslimischer Rassismus zu verwenden (Shooman 2014). Der Begriff Rassismus ist auch deshalb wichtig, weil es in Deutschland (und in vielen europäischen Nachbarländern) tabuisiert ist, ihn jenseits von – angeblich überwundenem – Antisemitismus für gegenwartsrelevant zu halten. Der Wortgebrauch Rassismus ist mir auch deshalb ein Anliegen, weil ich die Gewaltsamkeit hervorheben möchte, die im antimuslimischem Ressentiment liegen kann, wie sie beispielsweise in der Rhetorik der ‚Patriotischen Europäer gegen die Islamisierung des Abendlandes‘ (PEGIDA) oder in Anschlägen gegen Asylunterkünfte zum Ausdruck kommt. Obwohl antimuslimischer Rassismus in seiner allgemeinen Form überall im Globalen Norden präsent ist, gehe ich mit David Theo Goldberg und Stuart Hall davon aus, dass alle Rassismen historisch und lokal spezifisch sind (Hall 1992: 12).
Translation - English 25 years ago, Ayşe Çağlar spoke of the 'prison' or 'straitjacket' of culture in her criticism of the one-dimensionality of research on Turkish people living in Germany. She identified several problems in the process, namely that a holistic notion of 'culture' prevailed (Çağlar 1990: 95f.) and that ethnicity was equated to culture (ibid.: 97f.). In addition to this, according to Çağlar, a culturalisation of migration prevents immigration from being viewed as a diverse phenomenon with a wide variety of personality blueprints and syncretistic social practices and makes it impossible to form an awareness of interactions between immigrants and 'natives’. This view has gained more strength following the immigration of refugees in 2015, and migrants and refugees continue to be culturalised. A more recent development in the beginning of the 21st century is that all Muslim migrants, regardless of their different countries of origin and affiliations to Islam, are believed to have a homogeneous understanding of religion and rules. This is understood to shape their personality and behaviour and to be passed on to their children and grandchildren. Accordingly, something akin to a “homo islamicus” (Tezcan 2009: 76) has been constructed.
This anti-Muslim resentment will not be referred to below as Islamophobia. This choice of words makes light of the facts of the case and only addresses the fears – phobias – of the dominant ‘culture,' as opposed to the victims of the resentment. I therefore favour the use of the term anti-Muslim racism (Shooman 2014). The use of the term racism is also important because it is taboo in Germany (and in many neighbouring European countries) to consider racism as a contemporary issue outside of anti-Semitism, which has supposedly been overcome. Moreover, it is my wish to use this term as a means of emphasising the violence that can reside in anti-Muslim resentment, as expressed, for example, in the rhetoric of 'Patriotic Europeans Against the Islamisation of the West' (PEGIDA) or in attacks on asylum accommodation. Although anti-Muslim racism in its general form is present throughout the Global North, I am in agreement with David Theo Goldberg and Stuart Hall that all forms of racism are historically and locally specific (Hall 1992: 12).
Russian to English: The current condition, opportunities, and challenges for Russian financial market development General field: Bus/Financial Detailed field: Economics
Source text - Russian Текущее состояние, возможности и вызовы для развития российского финансового рынка
Основные условия и тенденции развития российского финансового рынка в 2019–2021 годах
В 2019–2021 годах существенное влияние на развитие российского финансового рынка оказывали макроэкономические, технологические, социальные факторы как странового, так и глобального характера, а также экономическая политика Правительства и Банка России, которые в значительной мере формировались под влиянием пандемии коронавируса. В указанный период на российском финансовом рынке сформировались или усилились тенденции, которые во многом будут определять его развитие в ближайшие годы. К ним в том числе относятся ускоренная цифровизация и экосистемная трансформация, а также массовый приход граждан на рынок капитала. При этом если масштабное внедрение цифровых технологий в процессы и продукты на финансовом рынке, а также формирование экосистем и приход бигтех-компаний на финансовый рынок во многом являются глобальными трендами, то массовый приток на рынок капитала средств миллионов новых частных клиентов и активное участие банков в создании экосистем – это тенденции, особенно четко проявившиеся в России.
В период экономического кризиса, вызванного пандемией коронавируса, российский финансовый рынок показал свою устойчивость, а также способность оказать поддержку экономике и быть проводником государственных антикризисных мер. Это во многом стало возможным в результате проводимой в предыдущие годы политики Банка России по очистке финансового сектора от слабых и недобросовестных игроков, а также повышению устойчивости финансовых посредников к разного рода шокам.
Финансовый сектор сыграл важную роль в обеспечении трансмиссии смягчения денежнокредитной политики, которое проводил Банк России в 2020 году, в экономику и динамику инфляции. При этом сам финансовый сектор в 2020 году вырос на 7,3% в реальном выражении, таким образом ограничив масштаб падения ВВП. Вклад финансового сектора в валовую добавленную стоимость по отраслям экономики вырос до 4,9% в 2020 году (с 4,3% в предыдущие два года).
Меры государственной поддержки экономики отразились и на динамике отдельных сегментов финансового рынка, в том числе способствуя значимому росту показателей ипотечного кредитования, кредитования МСП и нефинансовых организаций в целом. На этапе выхода из кризиса и нормализации экономической ситуации важно обеспечить устойчивость реального и финансового сектора, не допустить формирования «пузырей» на рынках недвижимости, потребительского и ипотечного кредитования.
Задача сбалансированного выхода из кризиса является одним из ключевых пунктов актуальной глобальной экономической повестки для правительств и центральных банков большинства стран мира. От того, насколько успешно будет решена эта задача, во многом зависят динамика глобальных финансовых рынков, волатильность и направленность потоков капитала. Ультрамягкая денежно-кредитная политика, которая проводилась в предыдущие годы и была усилена в условиях пандемии, а также масштабные бюджетные стимулы в большинстве стран в этот период привели к существенному росту склонности инвесторов к риску (в поисках доходности), способствовали развитию рынка частных инвестиций и вызвали значительный рост цен активов на мировом финансовом рынке. В дальнейшем постепенное сворачивание мер поддержки может выявить дополнительные проблемные зоны как в государственном, так и в частном секторе, в том числе связанные с долговой нагрузкой, особенно в странах с формирующимися рынками. Это может значимо отразиться на динамике и развитии мировых финансовых рынков. Данный макроэкономический контекст важно учитывать для обеспечения системной стабильности российского финансового рынка.
Другой глобальный тренд, который нарастал в предыдущие годы и в дальнейшем будет оказывать все более значимое влияние на мировой финансовый рынок, – это повышение актуальности повестки устойчивого развития и ее учета в экономической политике. Многие государства объявили о своей приверженности целям устойчивого развития и выбрали путь «углеродной нейтральности». Устойчивое развитие включает концепцию ответственного финансирования, то есть учет инвесторами ESG-факторов в процессе принятия инвестиционных решений, что начинает оказывать существенное влияние на глобальное перераспределение потоков капитала. Интеграция России в повестку устойчивого развития является все более важным фактором развития российской экономики и отечественного финансового рынка, условием привлечения финансирования. Для этого необходимы соответствующая настройка регуляторной среды и создание необходимой инфраструктуры, признаваемой на глобальном уровне.
Translation - English The current condition, opportunities, and challenges for Russian financial market development
Key conditions and trends in Russian financial market development for the years 2019-2021
In the years 2019-2021, Russian financial market development was greatly affected by macroeconomic, technological, and social factors of both a national and international character, as well as the economic policy of the Russian Government and the Bank of Russia, which were all largely shaped by the COVID-19 pandemic. Trends that took shape or grew stronger in the Russian financial market during this period will play a considerable role in determining its development in the coming years. These trends include the acceleration of digitalisation and transformation of financial ecosystems, as well as the mass entry of private individuals into the capital market. The large-scale introduction of digital technologies into financial market processes and products as well as the formation of ecosystems and Big Tech companies entering the financial market are largely understood to be global trends. That being said, the massive inflow of millions of new private clients' funds into the capital market and the active participation of banks in creating ecosystems are trends that are particularly prominent in Russia.
During the economic crisis caused by the pandemic, the Russian financial market showed resilience and was also able to support the economy and act as a vehicle for government anti-crisis measures. This was largely made possible by the Bank of Russia's policy that it pursued in previous years, which involved clearing the financial sector of weak and mala fide players and building up financial intermediaries’ resistance to various kinds of shocks.
When the Bank of Russia softened its monetary policy in 2020, the financial sector played an important role in ensuring the transmission of monetary policy into inflation dynamics and the economy. Moreover, the financial sector itself grew by 7.3% in real terms in 2020, thereby minimising the scale of the decline in GDP. The financial sector's contribution to gross value added by industry rose from 4.3% in the previous two years to 4.9% in 2020.
State support measures for the economy also influenced individual financial market segment dynamics, and caused, among other things, mortgage lending rates, as well as lending to SMEs and non-financial organisations overall, to increase significantly. As we move out of the crisis and the economic situation returns to normal, it is important to stabilise the real sector and the financial sector, and to prevent bubbles from forming in the real estate, consumer lending, and mortgaging markets.
Making a balanced exit from the crisis is one of the key objectives on the current global economic agenda for governments and central banks in most countries of the world. Global financial market dynamics and the volatility and direction of capital flows largely depend on how successfully this objective can be fulfilled. The extremely soft monetary policy pursued in previous years intensified during the pandemic, and large-scale fiscal incentives were put in place in most countries during this period This led to a significant increase in investors' risk appetite (for returns on investments), prompted growth in the private investment market, and caused a significant rise in asset prices in the global financial market. Going forward, the gradual phasing out of support measures may reveal additional problem areas, including debt burdens, in both the public and private sectors and especially in emerging market economies. This may have a significant effect on the dynamics and development of global financial markets. This macroeconomic context must be taken into account to ensure the systemic stability of the Russian financial market.
Another global trend that has grown in previous years and will continue to have an increasingly profound effect on the global financial market in the future is the growing importance of the sustainable development agenda and its role in economic policy. Many states have declared their commitment to sustainable development goals and set targets for carbon neutrality. Sustainable development includes the concept of responsible lending. This means that investors should take ESG factors into account when making investment decisions, and this is beginning to have a significant effect on the global redistribution of capital flows. Russia’s cooperation with the sustainable development agenda is a condition for attracting finance and is playing an increasingly important role in the Russian economy's growth and domestic financial market development. For this to happen, the regulatory environment must be appropriately adjusted, and the necessary globally recognised infrastructure must be developed.
Mandarin Chinese to English: Estimation and analysis of emissions from agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinjiang General field: Science Detailed field: Environment & Ecology
Source text - Mandarin Chinese 新疆农业面源污染物排放量估算及分析
周晓琴，杨 乐 ，杨令飞
Translation - English Estimation and analysis of emissions from agricultural non-point source pollution in Xinjiang
Authors: Xiaoqin ZHOU, Yue YANG, Lingfei YANG
Following the strengthening of point source pollution control efforts, the damaging effects of nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) on bodies of water have been made clear and become key factors in influencing the quality of the global water environment [1]. Many countries have already begun to pay attention to deteriorating water quality caused by NPSP. At present, NPSP is responsible for about 67% of lake and reservoir and 53% of river water quality deterioration in the USA. Meanwhile, in Europe, 55% of groundwater NPSP originates from agricultural pollutants [2-3]. China is a leading power in livestock production. In the agricultural production and livestock breeding process, the overuse of chemical fertilisers and the direct discharge of livestock manure cause nitrogen and phosphorus to enter water bodies through surface runoff, leaching, and soil erosion. This exacerbates the risk of agricultural NPSP (ANPSP) [4]. In 2010 China’s first pollution source census bulletin showed that agricultural non-point sources had surpassed industrial sources as the principal cause of COD, TN, and TP in water bodies. It accounted for 43.7%, 57.2% and 67.4%, respectively, of total emissions of each substance, and was the main cause of deteriorating water quality in major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs. This has serious consequences for the ecosystem’s functions, human health, and economic development [5-6].
Xinjiang has unique natural resources and is an important production base for grain, cotton, and livestock products in China. By adopting "high input and high energy consumption" as its main characteristic, the production method has helped to bring about great progress in agricultural and livestock production. However, it has also caused the issue of regional ANPSP, which severely restricts the sustainable development of oasis agriculture, animal husbandry, and rural development in Xinjiang [7-8]. China is relatively lacking in current research on ANPSP, mainly focusing on the Yellow River, Yangtze River, Taihu Lake and other river basins, as well as some regions with faster economic development, such as Beijing and Harbin [9-13]. Since ANPSP varies greatly in time and location, its random and dispersed nature leads to difficulties in monitoring and simulation, and it is difficult to quantify and control [14]. Therefore, focusing research on source analysis and spatial distribution characteristics of ANPSP in arid areas will help to minimise and control ANPSP at the source.
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Master's degree - University of Leeds
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Years of experience: 2. Registered at ProZ.com: Dec 2022. Became a member: Dec 2023.
Russian to English (University of Leeds) German to English (University of Leeds) German to English (University of Warwick) Mandarin Chinese to English (University of Leeds) Russian to English (University of Warwick)
Recent graduate of MA in Applied Translation Studies at the University of Leeds. Trained in German, Russian, and Simplified Chinese into English translation. Specialisations: natural and social sciences, business and finance translation, looking for experience in legal translation.
Member since Dec '23
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