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Translation glossary: Genetics Glossary

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NucleotideA molecular subunit of DNA or RNA consisti ng of a base (adenine, guanine, thymine, or cytosine in DNA; adenine, guanine, uracil, or cytosine in RNA) 
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P henotypeThe outward physical characteristics of an organism. 
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PCRSee polymerase chain reaction. 
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Physical mapA map of the locations of identifiable landmarks on DNA, such as genes, or restriction enzyme cutting sites. 
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PolymerasePolymerase is an enzyme that ac ts like a molecular assembly line to build new strands of DNA. 
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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)A \"biological copy machine\" 
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PolypeptideA molecule made up of a stri ng of amino acids. A protein is an example of a polypeptide. 
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ProteinsThe active molecules in all cells. Proteins control biochemical reactions and determine the physical structure of organisms. 
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Recessive geneA gene which must b e present on both chromosomes in a pair to show outward signs of a certain characteristic. 
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Recombinant DNAA form of DNA produced by splicing together segments of DNA from two or more organisms. 
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Restriction enzyme cutting siteA specific sequence of DNA at which a particular restriction enzyme cuts the DN A. 
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Restriction enzyme, endonucleaseA protein that recognizes specific, short sequences of DNA and cuts at those sites. See also Restriction enzyme cutting site. 
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Ribonucleic acid (RNA)A chemical cousin of DNA, RNA (ribonucleic acid) is responsible for translating the genetic code of DNA into proteins. 
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Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)A class of RNA found in the ribosomes of cells. 
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RibosomeThe small cellular structure in which RNA translates the genetic code into proteins. 
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RNASee Ribonucleic acid. 
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SequenceSee Base sequence. 
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SequencerAn apparatus used for deciphering the order of bases in a stra nd of DNA. 
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SequencingDetermining of the order of bases in a DNA or RNA molecule. 
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Sex chromosomesThe X and Y chromosomes in human beings that determine the sex of an individual. Females have two X chromosomes; males have one X an d one Y. Single 
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Somatic cellsAny cell in the body except sex cells. 
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Templatea single DNA strand that serves as pattern for building a new second strand. 
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Thymine (T)A base; one of the molecular components of DNA and RNA. Always bonds with adenine (T-A). 
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TranscriptionThe process by which DNA passes genetic information to RNA. Transcription is the first step in producing proteins. 
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Transfer RNA (tRNA)A class of RNA that carries amino acids into ribosomes and bonds with mRNA for protein production. 
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TranslationThe process by which RNA makes proteins. 
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tRNASee Transfer RNA. 
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Uracil (U)A base; one of the molecular c omponents of RNA. Bonds only with adenine (U-A). 
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VirusA noncellular biological entity that can reproduce only within a host cell. 
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